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<title>Bacterial patterns</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacterial patterns</span></span>

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<p>The <a href="Pattern_formation" title="Pattern formation">formation of patterns</a> in the <a href="Bacterial_growth" title="Bacterial growth">growth</a> of <a href="Bacterial_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial colony">bacterial colonies</a> has extensively been studied experimentally. Resulting morphologies appear to depend on the growth conditions. They include well known morphologies such as dense branched morphology (DBM) or <a href="Diffusion-limited_aggregation" title="Diffusion-limited aggregation">diffusion-limited aggregation</a> (DLA), but much complex patterns and temporal behaviour can be found.

</p><p>A large number of studies on pattern formation in bacterial colonies have been performed in <i><a href="Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis">Bacillus subtilis</a></i> and in <i><a href="Proteus_mirabilis" title="Proteus mirabilis">Proteus mirabilis</a></i>. <a href="Mathematical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modeling">Mathematical modeling</a> of colony growth can reproduce the observed morphologies and the effect of environmental changes. Employed models include:

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<ul><li><a href="Reaction%E2%80%93diffusion_system" title="Reaction–diffusion system">Reaction–diffusion system</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular automata">Cellular automata</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonies_of_Bacillus_subtilis">Colonies of Bacillus subtilis</h2></div>

<p>Colonies of <a href="Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis">Bacillus subtilis</a> on a <a href="Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dish</a> can grow under controlled conditions. By varying <a href="Agar" title="Agar">agar</a> concentration (which permits the control of the hardness of the medium), and the <a href="Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> concentration, the response of the colony to external stresses can be studied. The different morphologies appear in the following growth conditions:

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<dl><dt>High nutrients level, hard medium</dt>

<dd>Eden-like growth <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/B_eden.htm">[1]</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt>High nutrients level, semi-soft hardness of medium</dt>

<dd>Periodical growth forming concentric rings <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/B_concentric.htm">[2]</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt>High nutrients level, soft medium</dt>

<dd>homogeneous, disk-like growth <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/B_fisher.htm">[3]</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Low nutrients level, hard medium</dt>

<dd>DLA growth <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/B_dla.htm">[4]</a></dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Low nutrients level, soft medium</dt>

<dd>DBM growth <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/B_dbm.htm">[5]</a></dd></dl>

<p>A complete morphological diagram can then be drawn by varying growth conditions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/Bacillus.jpg">[6]</a>

</p><p>These different morphologies can be obtained from a <a href="Reaction-diffusion_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction-diffusion model">reaction-diffusion model</a>. This kind of model is useful to assess which mechanisms are relevant for the different morphologies. The complete morphological diagram can be obtained by using two fields, density of bacteria and nutrient concentration, and taking into account that bacteria can increase motility in response to adverse external conditions. That means that diffusion in the medium and the response of bacteria are the relevant factors in this particular case.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMatsushitaWakitaItohRàfols1998" class="citation journal cs1">Matsushita, M.; Wakita, J.; Itoh, H.; Ràfols, I.; Matsuyama, T.; Sakaguchi, H.; Mimura, M. (1998). "Interface growth and pattern formation in bacterial colonies". <i>Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications</i>. <b>249</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4). Elsevier BV: <span class="nowrap">517–</span>524. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhyA..249..517M">1998PhyA..249..517M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0378-4371%2897%2900511-6">10.1016/s0378-4371(97)00511-6</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-4371">0378-4371</a>.</cite> Experiments on Bacillus subtilis by Matsushita et al.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLacastaCantalapiedraAuguetPeñaranda1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lacasta, A. M.; Cantalapiedra, I. R.; Auguet, C. E.; Peñaranda, A.; Ramírez-Piscina, L. (1999-06-01). "Modeling of spatiotemporal patterns in bacterial colonies". <i>Physical Review E</i>. <b>59</b> (6). American Physical Society (APS): <span class="nowrap">7036–</span>7041. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9904367">cond-mat/9904367</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhRvE..59.7036L">1999PhRvE..59.7036L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysreve.59.7036">10.1103/physreve.59.7036</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1063-651X">1063-651X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11969692">11969692</a>.</cite> Reaction-diffusion model for Bacillus Subtilis.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<p>Some more images of patterns in bacterial growth can be found in:

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/05_03/stress_art.shtml">http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/05_03/stress_art.shtml</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://star.tau.ac.il/~eshel/gallery.html">http://star.tau.ac.il/~eshel/gallery.html</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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